❧ 英式音标和美式音标的差异

DJ是英国语言学家Daniel Jones名字的缩写, 而KK是两位美国语言学家John S. Kenyon & Thomas A. Knott名字的简称(因为两人名字中都有一个K). 因为DJ音标多用于标注英式发音, 也有时被称作英式音标; 而KK音标多用于标注美式发音, 所以有时被称作美式音标. 准确地讲, 应该称他们为DJ音标和KK音标才对.

至于这些音标如何发音, 可以阅读我之前的这篇文章 一句话搞定一个音标

元音部分

下边我用一张表格对于DJ音标和KK音标进行区别, 有区别的地方用加粗表示

单词	DJ音标	KK音标
eat	[i:]	[i]
it	[ɪ]	[ɪ]
bed	[e]	[ɛ]
bad	[æ]	[æ]
father	[ɑ:]	[ɑ]
law	[ɔ:]	[ɔ]
dog	[ɒ]	[ɔ]
too	[u:]	**[u] **
good	[ʊ]	[ʊ]
but	[ʌ]	[ʌ]
about	[ə]	[ə]
make	[eɪ]	[e]
like	[aɪ]	[aɪ]
boy	[ɔɪ]	[ɔɪ]
how	[aʊ]	[aʊ]
go	[əʊ]	[o]
her	[ɜː]	[ɝ]
sister	[ə]	[ɚ]

DJ音标 vs KK音标5大区别

1 最容易混淆之处

[e] vs [ɛ]

[eɪ] vs [e]

看到[bet]的音标要小心了, 在DJ音标和KK音标下这个符号表示不同的意思.

2 有没有长音符号?

[i:] vs [i]

[ɑ:] vs [ɑ]

[ɔ:] vs [ɔ]

[u:] vs [u]

DJ音标中有长音符号, 而KK音标中没有长音符号

3 到底是双元音还是单元音?

[eɪ] vs [e]

[əʊ] vs [o]

DJ音标认为这2个音标是双元音, 而KK音标认为这2个音标是单元音.

因为在美式发音中, 很多人的确是把这2个音按照单元音来发的

4 美国人偷懒

[ɔ:] vs [ɔ]

[ɒ] vs [ɔ]

这里DJ音标中的2个音标到了KK音标变成了1个音标, 你可以把这个理解为美国人的偷懒. 当然这个对应关系并不严格准确, 因为其实一部分[ɒ]音到了美式发音中变成了[ɔ], 另外一部分则变成了[ɑ], 这个我们在后边的英美发音差异中会详细讲解.

5 用小尾巴表示卷舌音

[ɜː] vs [ɝ]

[ə] vs [ɚ]

kk音标给这2个音标符号后边加上了小尾巴表示卷舌.

DJ音标一般标注英式发音, 不涉及卷舌; 如果要用来标注美式发音, 则会写作[ɜːr]和[ər]来表示卷舌.

实际上, 现在一些词典已经不对这两个音区分了, 不论是[ɝ]还是[ɚ], 都统一写作[ər], 即[ə]后边加上一个卷舌, 比如牛津美式词典就是如此, 我觉得这种简化很棒.

上表给出了全部元音的差异, 而辅音部分DJ音标和KK音标是没有区别的.

辅音部分

Anyway, 28个辅音部分我也用下表给出, 一起复习一下好了~

单词	DJ音标	KK音标
pet	[p]	[p]
bed	[b]	[b]
too	[t]	[t]
do	[d]	[d]
kiss	[k]	[k]
go	[g]	[g]
check	[tʃ]	[tʃ]
just	[dʒ]	[dʒ]
father	[f]	[f]
very	[v]	[v]
think	[ɵ]	[ɵ]
them	[ð]	[ð]
so	[s]	[s]
zoo	[z]	[z]
she	[ʃ]	[ʃ]
television	[ʒ]	[ʒ]
tree	[tr]	[tr]
dry	[dr]	[dr]
let’s	[ts]	[ts]
roads	[dz]	[dz]
how	[h]	[h]
make	[m]	[m]
no	[n]	[n]
sing	[ŋ]	[ŋ]
let	[l]	[l]
red	[r]	[r]
yes	[j]	[j]
work	[w]	[w]